资源与环境学院农业资源与环境（本硕博班）专业课程介绍

环境学

Environmental Science

课程编号：03600419j

适用专业：农业资源与环境（本硕博班）

总学时数：48

总学分：  3

课程类型：专业基础课

先修课程：环境微生物学、环境科学概论类课程

大纲撰写人：王晓辉

课程内容简介

环境科学是一门新兴的边缘学科，是针对当前世界面临的重大环境问题而发展起来的，现已成为独立的学科，其发展速度很快，许多新概念、新思维、新方法又不断改进，进一步推动了本学科的进一步发展。在跨入21世纪之际，面临不断恶化的生存环境，人类清醒的认识到要走可持续发展之路。而发展环境教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境教育，是提高新世纪建设者的环境意识，并向社会输送环境保护专门人才的重要途径。为了反应国外环境类教材的最新内容，同时也为了提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力，本专业将《环境学》设置成为双语课程。

教学大纲

一、课堂讲授部分

（一）各章节要点及授课时数

ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS    Chapter 1 (4学时)

The Nature of Environmental Science

Interrelatedness

Ecosystem Approach

Artificial boundaries create difficulties in managing env. problems because most ecosystems do not coincide with political boundaries.

Social, economic, ethical, and scientific inputs shape our opinions.  Thus the problem of environmental decision making must take all these inputs into account and arrive at acceptable compromises.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS  Chapter 2  (4学时)

Outline

Views of Nature

Environmental Attitudes

Development

Preservation - Conservation

Societal Environmental Ethics

Corporate Environmental Ethics

Environmental Justice

Individual Environmental Ethics

Global Environmental Ethics

Different cultures view their place in the world from different perspectives.

Most environmental decisions have actually been economic decisions.

Resource exploitation may be costly to individuals but profitable to corporations.

Societies and corporations are composed of individuals.

The world is a closed-interrelated system.

Interrelated Scientific Principles   Chapter 3  (4学时)

Outline

Scientific Method

Limitations of Science

Matter

Chemical Reactions

Energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Environmental Implications of Energy Flow

Science is a method of gathering and organizing information.

Atoms are the fundamental units of matter. Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and protons circling the nucleus.

1st Law of Thermodynamics - Amount of  energy in the universe is constant, and thus cannot be created or destroyed (In any physical or chemical reaction).

2nd Law of Thermodynamics - When energy is converted from one form to another (in any physical or chemical reaction) some of the energy is degraded into a lower quality, less useful form.

Matter must always be recycled, energy can never be recycled.

Interactions: Environment and Organisms   Chapter 4 (4学时)

OUTLINE

Ecological Concepts

Natural Selection and Evolution

Organism Interactions

Community and Ecosystem Interactions

Energy Flows Through Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles Through Food Webs

Environment - Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

Biotic and Abiotic Components

Habitat and Niche

Organism interact in a variety of ways

Community - Interacting groups of orgs.

Ecosystem - Multiple communities

Energy and atoms flow through ecosystems.  

ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES   Chapter 5  (4学时)

OUTLINE

Succession

Primary, Secondary

Terrestrial, Aquatic

Climax Communities - Biomes

Deserts, Grasslands, Tropical Rainforests

Aquatic Ecosystems

Ecosystems change when one organism replaces another. (succession)

Regional terrestrial climax communities are called biomes.

Primary determinants are annual rainfall distribution and temperature fluctuations.

Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into marine (salt water) and freshwater ecosystems.

Oceans are divided into pelagic, benthic, and estuary regions.

Lakes are categorized as oligotrophic or eutrophic, depending on the temperature and nutrient status.

Streams get most of their nutrient from land, thus stream-side land uses are of prime importance.

POPULATION PRINCIPLES   Chapter 6  (3学时)

OUTLINE

Population Characteristics

Population Growth Curve

Carrying Capacity

Reproductive Strategies  (R and K)

Human population growth: Doubling Time, Size

Population = Group of individuals inhabiting same area at same time

Birth and death rates, sex ratio, age distribution, all affect pop. growth

Population Growth Curves (exponential growth)

Carrying Capacity

R and K reproductive strategies

Human population growth is complex, yet ultimately simple

HUMAN POPULATION ISSUES   Chapter 7  (4学时)

OUTLINE

Current Population Trends

Population Growth

Demographic Transition

Chinese Population

Food Issues

Many env. problems caused by human population growth.

Biological and sociological factors

Most growth occurs in less-developed countries.

Status of women significantly affects population growth.

Demographic Transition - Model ?

Highly developed nations should expect increasing pressure to “Share the Wealth.”

Patterns of Energy Consumption   Chapter 8  (4学时)

OUTLINE

History of Energy Consumption

Fossil Fuels - Industrial Revolution

Energy and Economics

Automobiles and Energy

Electrical Energy

Energy Consumption Trends

A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy used and the complexity of civilizations.

Wood furnished most early energy.

Due to wood shortages, fossil fuels became primary source of energy.

Fossil fuel consumption and labor-saving machines, resulted in the Industrial Revolution.

Because of financial, political, and various other factors, nations vary in the amount of energy they use as well as how they use it.

ENERGY SOURCES   Chapter 9  (4学时)

OUTLINE

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy

Resources, Deposits, Reserves

Fossil Fuel Formation

Fossil Fuel Use Problems

Renewable Energy

Energy Conservation

Reserves are known deposits from which materials can be profitably extracted using current technology.

Fossil Fuels are non-renewable

Finite amounts

Fossil fuels will have to be replaced with renewable sources.

Energy conservation can greatly reduce demands-without noticeable changes in standards of living.

Soil and Its Uses  Chapter 10  (3学时)

Outline:

Land or Soil ?

Soil Formation

Soil Properties

Soil Profile - Horizons

Erosion

Soil Conservation

Soil is an organized mixture of minerals, organic matter, living organisms and air.

Soil Profiles - Horizons A-C

Erosion is the removal of soil via air or water.

Soil conservation techniques can reduce erosion.

Agriculture and Pest Management  Chapter 11  (4学时)

Outline

Agricultural Methods

Fertilizers

Pesticides

Organic Farming

Integrated Pest Management

In agriculture, technology replaces human labor, and vise-versa.

Majority of world food grown on large, mechanized farms.

Hard pesticides are stable and persist in environment for long periods of time.

Soft pesticides are not as persistent, but tend to be toxic to humans and vertebrates.

IPM makes use of a complete understanding of an organism’s ecology to develop pest control strategies.

Water Management   Chapter 12  (4学时)

Outline

Hydrologic Cycle

Water Use Categories

Water Pollution

Wastewater Treatment

Water Use Planning

Salinization

Hydrologic cycle driven by sun’s energy

Four human uses of water

DomesticIn-stream

AgriculturalIndustrial

Major sources of water pollution are municipal sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural run-off

Thermal pollution can cause habitat damage

Reduced water quality can threaten land use and in-place water uses

Review (2学时)

（二）教材及主要参考书

1.教材

《Environmental Science》，大学环境教育丛书，清华大学出版社2017年出版。

2.参考书目

（1） 《环境科学原理》，南京大学出版社，1997

（2） 《农业环境学》，东北农业大学，2001

（3） 《环境学》，中国环境科学出版社，2001

（4） 《环境科学导论》，中国电力出版社，2000

（5） 《环境保护与可持续发展》，高等教育出版社，2000

教学大纲说明

一、教学目的与课程性质任务与其他课程的关系，所需先修课程

通过环境学的学习，应使学生具备一定的环境科学的基础知识，通过双语锻炼学生独立阅读国外环境科学文献的能力，掌握国外的先进科学文化知识，同时双语教学是以英语语言为基础的，自然就离不开“听”和“说”的环节。因此在教学内容的安排方面应结构合理，循序渐进，应考虑到学生的接受能力，注意与基础英语的衔接，既使教学内容丰富、所含知识量系统科学，又要含有代表性的专业文献。

二、教学要求及选编教材的依据

基于双语教学的特殊性，帮助学生树立学习英文原版教材的自信心，使学生掌握最先进的环境科学的原理与相关知识，为以后的专业课教学，打下良好的基础，选择《Environmental Science》作为教材，在教学中注意双向式的引导，充分发挥学生学习的积极性和主动性，尽量采用英语作为教学语言。开创新颖、活泼的教学形式。

三、教学环节和教学方法

   使学生具备独立阅读英文原版教材的能力，主要环节在于通过原版英文教材的讲授，采用双语教学，教会学生掌握国外环境科学的先进原理与技术。

四、改革思路和说明

在教学过程中，既要注意引导学生对环境科学专业基础词汇的掌握，又要提的综合能力，因此改革的重点落实在教学形式的多样化，教学内容的先进性。教学的重点是提高学生了解国外先进知识及科技发展的动态。