资源与环境学院环境工程专业课程介绍
环境学
Environmental Science
课程编号:03600419j
适用专业:环境科学,环境工程
总学时数:48
总学分: 3
课程类型:专业基础课
先修课程:环境微生物学、环境科学概论类课程
大纲撰写人:王晓辉
课程内容简介
环境科学是一门新兴的边缘学科,是针对当前世界面临的重大环境问题而发展起来的,现已成为独立的学科,其发展速度很快,许多新概念、新思维、新方法又不断改进,进一步推动了本学科的进一步发展。在跨入21世纪之际,面临不断恶化的生存环境,人类清醒的认识到要走可持续发展之路。而发展环境教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境教育,是提高新世纪建设者的环境意识,并向社会输送环境保护专门人才的重要途径。为了反应国外环境类教材的最新内容,同时也为了提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力,本专业将《环境学》设置成为双语课程。
教学大纲
一、课堂讲授部分
(一)各章节要点及授课时数
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS Chapter 1 (4学时)
The Nature of Environmental Science
Interrelatedness
Ecosystem Approach
Artificial boundaries create difficulties in managing env. problems because most ecosystems do not coincide with political boundaries.
Social, economic, ethical, and scientific inputs shape our opinions. Thus the problem of environmental decision making must take all these inputs into account and arrive at acceptable compromises.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Chapter 2 (4学时)
Outline
Views of Nature
Environmental Attitudes
Development
Preservation - Conservation
Societal Environmental Ethics
Corporate Environmental Ethics
Environmental Justice
Individual Environmental Ethics
Global Environmental Ethics
Different cultures view their place in the world from different perspectives.
Most environmental decisions have actually been economic decisions.
Resource exploitation may be costly to individuals but profitable to corporations.
Societies and corporations are composed of individuals.
The world is a closed-interrelated system.
Interrelated Scientific Principles Chapter 3 (4学时)
Outline
Scientific Method
Limitations of Science
Matter
Chemical Reactions
Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Environmental Implications of Energy Flow
Science is a method of gathering and organizing information.
Atoms are the fundamental units of matter. Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and protons circling the nucleus.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - Amount of energy in the universe is constant, and thus cannot be created or destroyed (In any physical or chemical reaction).
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - When energy is converted from one form to another (in any physical or chemical reaction) some of the energy is degraded into a lower quality, less useful form.
Matter must always be recycled, energy can never be recycled.
Interactions: Environment and Organisms Chapter 4 (4学时)
OUTLINE
Ecological Concepts
Natural Selection and Evolution
Organism Interactions
Community and Ecosystem Interactions
Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
Nutrient Cycles Through Food Webs
Environment - Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.
Biotic and Abiotic Components
Habitat and Niche
Organism interact in a variety of ways
Community - Interacting groups of orgs.
Ecosystem - Multiple communities
Energy and atoms flow through ecosystems.
ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES Chapter 5 (4学时)
OUTLINE
Succession
Primary, Secondary
Terrestrial, Aquatic
Climax Communities - Biomes
Deserts, Grasslands, Tropical Rainforests
Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecosystems change when one organism replaces another. (succession)
Regional terrestrial climax communities are called biomes.
Primary determinants are annual rainfall distribution and temperature fluctuations.
Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into marine (salt water) and freshwater ecosystems.
Oceans are divided into pelagic, benthic, and estuary regions.
Lakes are categorized as oligotrophic or eutrophic, depending on the temperature and nutrient status.
Streams get most of their nutrient from land, thus stream-side land uses are of prime importance.
POPULATION PRINCIPLES Chapter 6 (3学时)
OUTLINE
Population Characteristics
Population Growth Curve
Carrying Capacity
Reproductive Strategies (R and K)
Human population growth: Doubling Time, Size
Population = Group of individuals inhabiting same area at same time
Birth and death rates, sex ratio, age distribution, all affect pop. growth
Population Growth Curves (exponential growth)
Carrying Capacity
R and K reproductive strategies
Human population growth is complex, yet ultimately simple
HUMAN POPULATION ISSUES Chapter 7 (4学时)
OUTLINE
Current Population Trends
Population Growth
Demographic Transition
Chinese Population
Food Issues
Many env. problems caused by human population growth.
Biological and sociological factors
Most growth occurs in less-developed countries.
Status of women significantly affects population growth.
Demographic Transition - Model ?
Highly developed nations should expect increasing pressure to “Share the Wealth.”
Patterns of Energy Consumption Chapter 8 (4学时)
OUTLINE
History of Energy Consumption
Fossil Fuels - Industrial Revolution
Energy and Economics
Automobiles and Energy
Electrical Energy
Energy Consumption Trends
A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy used and the complexity of civilizations.
Wood furnished most early energy.
Due to wood shortages, fossil fuels became primary source of energy.
Fossil fuel consumption and labor-saving machines, resulted in the Industrial Revolution.
Because of financial, political, and various other factors, nations vary in the amount of energy they use as well as how they use it.
ENERGY SOURCES Chapter 9 (4学时)
OUTLINE
Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy
Resources, Deposits, Reserves
Fossil Fuel Formation
Fossil Fuel Use Problems
Renewable Energy
Energy Conservation
Reserves are known deposits from which materials can be profitably extracted using current technology.
Fossil Fuels are non-renewable
Finite amounts
Fossil fuels will have to be replaced with renewable sources.
Energy conservation can greatly reduce demands-without noticeable changes in standards of living.
Soil and Its Uses Chapter 10 (3学时)
Outline:
Land or Soil ?
Soil Formation
Soil Properties
Soil Profile - Horizons
Erosion
Soil Conservation
Soil is an organized mixture of minerals, organic matter, living organisms and air.
Soil Profiles - Horizons A-C
Erosion is the removal of soil via air or water.
Soil conservation techniques can reduce erosion.
Agriculture and Pest Management Chapter 11 (4学时)
Outline
Agricultural Methods
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Organic Farming
Integrated Pest Management
In agriculture, technology replaces human labor, and vise-versa.
Majority of world food grown on large, mechanized farms.
Hard pesticides are stable and persist in environment for long periods of time.
Soft pesticides are not as persistent, but tend to be toxic to humans and vertebrates.
IPM makes use of a complete understanding of an organism’s ecology to develop pest control strategies.
Water Management Chapter 12 (4学时)
Outline
Hydrologic Cycle
Water Use Categories
Water Pollution
Wastewater Treatment
Water Use Planning
Salinization
Hydrologic cycle driven by sun’s energy
Four human uses of water
DomesticIn-stream
AgriculturalIndustrial
Major sources of water pollution are municipal sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural run-off
Thermal pollution can cause habitat damage
Reduced water quality can threaten land use and in-place water uses
Review (2学时)
(二)教材及主要参考书
1.教材
《Environmental Science》,大学环境教育丛书,清华大学出版社2017年出版。
2.参考书目
(1) 《环境科学原理》,南京大学出版社,1997
(2) 《农业环境学》,东北农业大学,2001
(3) 《环境学》,中国环境科学出版社,2001
(4) 《环境科学导论》,中国电力出版社,2000
(5) 《环境保护与可持续发展》,高等教育出版社,2000
教学大纲说明
一、教学目的与课程性质任务与其他课程的关系,所需先修课程
通过环境学的学习,应使学生具备一定的环境科学的基础知识,通过双语锻炼学生独立阅读国外环境科学文献的能力,掌握国外的先进科学文化知识,同时双语教学是以英语语言为基础的,自然就离不开“听”和“说”的环节。因此在教学内容的安排方面应结构合理,循序渐进,应考虑到学生的接受能力,注意与基础英语的衔接,既使教学内容丰富、所含知识量系统科学,又要含有代表性的专业文献。
二、教学要求及选编教材的依据
基于双语教学的特殊性,帮助学生树立学习英文原版教材的自信心,使学生掌握最先进的环境科学的原理与相关知识,为以后的专业课教学,打下良好的基础,选择《Environmental Science》作为教材,在教学中注意双向式的引导,充分发挥学生学习的积极性和主动性,尽量采用英语作为教学语言。开创新颖、活泼的教学形式。
三、教学环节和教学方法
使学生具备独立阅读英文原版教材的能力,主要环节在于通过原版英文教材的讲授,采用双语教学,教会学生掌握国外环境科学的先进原理与技术。
四、改革思路和说明
在教学过程中,既要注意引导学生对环境科学专业基础词汇的掌握,又要提的综合能力,因此改革的重点落实在教学形式的多样化,教学内容的先进性。教学的重点是提高学生了解国外先进知识及科技发展的动态。